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Volume 23 |
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Number 5 |
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Published by : PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL PUBLICATIONS |
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Volume 23 |
October - December 2007 (Part-I) |
Number 5 |
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Salivary melatonin leveling preganancy
in periodental diseases
Balwant Rai1
1. Balwant Rai, BDS
Editor in Chief,
Internet Journal of Dental Science,
USA
Correspondence
Dr. Balwant Rai
E.mail: raibalwant29@rediffmail.com
* Received for Publication: September 29, 2007
Melatonin possesses antioxidant, free-radical scavenging, and immunoenhancing properties that promate fibroblast activity and bone regeneration.
1 The pineal gland produces melatonin in a circadian manner, synchronizing a number of biological processes in a 24-hour, day night rhythm.2 Metatonin is diffuse after release of melatonin into the blood stream.3,4Periodental disease are a group of infectious diseases caused by peridominantly anaerobic, gram-negative and micro aerophilic bacteria that clolanize the subgingiual area. Inflammed periodontal tissues produces significant amounts of pro-inflammatory cylokines, mainly interleukin 1 beta (IL-1B), IL-6, prostaglandin E
2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which may have systemic effects on the host. Melatonin has a critical function in the regulation of proteins implicated as mediators of these processes. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the level of salivary melatonin and pregnancy periodentitis.The 47 periodentitis patients (30 preganant; 27 non-pregnant) females, with 19-35 years were selected for study. Criteria for inclusion (pregnant) with periodontitis were : women aged 19-35, with Singleton gestation, before 21 week’s gestation. Exclusion criteria include: fewer than 18 teeth, indication of prophylatic antibiotic for invasive procedures, or diabetes.
Criteria for inclusion (non-preganant
with periodontitis) were : women aged 20-35 year without any systemic diseases, while preganant women excluded. The normal female without periodontitis, with 18-35 year without any systemic disease. None of subjects were non-smokers, non-alcoholic, none drug treatment, non-periodental treatment and no systemic diseases.Periodental status: A clinical periodontal examination was performed using periodontal probe (H4-Friedy). The presence of 5 of more teeth showing one or more sites with probing depth 5mm or higher, and with clinical attachment loss 4 mm or higher at the same site, was diagnosed as periodontal disease (Table-I). These criteria were selected for the clinical definition of patients the positively and unequivocally exhibited periodontal disease.
Measurement of salivary melatonin levels: Participants were prohibited from eating after midnight on the day of saliva sample collection, which was carried out around 9:15 am. The saliva produced in the first three minutes was discarded, and only the saliva generated in the remaining three minutes was collected and centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 15 minutes. The super natant was collected and frozen at –4°C until analysis. Salivary melatonin levels were measured by radio immunoassay as in previous study.
1 The data were analysed by student ‘t’ test (SPSS version 11.0). Preganant women with periodontitis had lower level of salivary melatonin levels as compared to non-pregnant women with periodontitis and normal women (Table-1, P<0.01). The clinical parameters were also statistically significant between pregnant women with periodontitis non preganant women with periodontitis and normal control (Table-I, P<0.001).
The lower levels of salivary melatonin may be due to ability to fight against infection and inflammation, probably due to its antioxidant, anti-aging, and immuno-enhancing action and stimulating of osteoblastic differentation.1,4,5
REFERENCES
1. Cutando A, Galindo P, Gomoz-Moreno G, Arana C, Bolanos J, Acuna-Castroviejo D, et al. Salivary Melatonin and severity of periodontal disease. J Periodental 2006;77:1533-8.
2. Reiter RT. Pineal melatonin: cell biology of its synthesis and its physiological intractions. Endo Res 1991;12:151-80.
3. Melutyre IM. Norman TR, Burrows GD, Armstrong SM. Melatonin rhythm in human plasma and saliva. J Pineal Res 1987;4:177-83.
4. Reiter RJ, Calvo JR, Karownik M, QiW, Tan DX. Melatonin and its relation to immune system and inflammation. Ann NY Acad Sci 2000;917:317-86.
5. Cardinali DP, Ladizesky MG, Boggio V, Cultrera RA, Mantalen C. Melatonin effects as bone: Experimental facts and clinical perspectives. J Pineal Res 2003;34:81-7.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Alkaptunuria
Zulfiqar Haider1
Dr. Zulfiqar Haider FRCP
329-S, Phase-II,
Defence Housing Society
Lahore Cantt.
I was interested to read the excellent case report on Alkaptunuria by Nafees and Muazzam in Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences in Vol. 23 No.4 July-September 2007.
1In 1972, I reported a case of Alkaptunuria in an eighteen years old male.
2 The patient born of a consanguineous marriage came for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. His urine when checked with benedict reagent turned black. This was confirmed by various relatively modest tests such as NaoH silver nitrate and fehling test. He had no stigma of the disease and was prescribed high doses off ascorbic acid. He was however lost to follow up.As the authors rightly remark, the main challenge is to prevent the onset of this rather devastating disease for which no satisfactory preventive treatment is presently available.
References
1. Nafees M, Muazzam M. Alkaptunuria- A case report and review of literature. Pak J Med Sci 2007;23(4):650-3.
2. Haider Z, Obaidullah S, Fayazzudin. Alkaptunuria. J Pak Med Assoc 1972; 22:143-5.
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